Meaning
Net cost reduction achieved by an enterprise by performing business activities in a low cost jurisdiction compared to a high cost location after accounting for operational friction. This concept is particularly relevant in China, where lower labor, rent, and utility costs can create significant financial advantages. The location savings represent the difference between the expenses in a mature market and those in the developing market.
Tax authorities in China argue that these savings should be retained by the local subsidiary rather than being transferred to a foreign parent. This view is based on the idea that the local environment provides the conditions for these savings to exist. Therefore, the profit associated with these lower costs should be taxed in the country where the activity takes place.
Cost Component
Calculation of the savings requires a line by line comparison of operating expenses across different regions. The location savings are found by looking at wages, social security contributions, land use fees, and the price of raw materials. However, this is not a simple comparison of gross costs, as it must also consider the costs of doing business in a less developed infrastructure.
These offsetting costs include higher logistics expenses, lower labor productivity, and the need for more intensive management oversight. Training costs for a local workforce and the expense of maintaining quality standards also reduce the gross savings. The net result is the actual benefit that is subject to transfer pricing scrutiny.
Analysts must use precise data from both the home and host countries to build a defensible case for the amount of savings generated.
Profit Attribution
Allocation of the net benefit between the related parties is the central point of contention in tax audits. The location savings may be shared between the local entity and the foreign parent based on their respective contributions to the setup. If the foreign parent provided the technology and the initial capital, it might claim a portion of the savings as a return on its investment.
Conversely, if the local entity manages the operations independently and has developed its own efficiencies, it may retain most of the benefit. The State Taxation Administration typically expects a significant portion of the savings to stay in China. They view the local market conditions as a unique resource that the company is exploiting.
This often leads to higher profit margin targets for Chinese manufacturing subsidiaries compared to similar factories in high cost countries.
Local Contribution
Evaluation of the value added by the Chinese entity is necessary to justify the retention of the savings. The location savings are closely linked to the functional profile of the company and the risks it assumes. If a company simply follows instructions from abroad and performs low value assembly, its claim to the savings is weaker.
However, if it engages in process engineering or local sourcing that further reduces costs, it has a stronger argument. Documentation must show how the local team identifies and captures these cost advantages. This evidence is used to support the transfer pricing method, often by adjusting the benchmark range to reflect local realities.
The goal is to ensure that the tax paid in China is commensurate with the economic benefit of operating in the country. This approach protects the national tax base and ensures that multinational enterprises do not shift the benefits of local cost advantages to offshore entities.